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Phosphate ore is a general term for phosphate minerals. There are many types of minerals, among which apatite and collophosphate are more common and are also the main mineral resources for obtaining phosphorus. Regardless of the type of mineral selection, it almost follows the steps of crushing-grinding-sorting-dehydration. Occasionally, due to the large mud content of the mineral, it can be scrubbed and desludified before sorting. Let's take a look at the mineral selection equipment required for ore selection in each link!
All types of phosphate ore have low hardness and are fragile (to medium) minerals. Therefore, in the crushing operation, a two-stage closed-circuit or two-stage open-circuit grinding process is often used. Taking the two-stage closed-circuit process as an example, the raw ore is fed into the first crusher through the feeder for coarse crushing, and the crushed product is fed into the vibrating screen for screening. The screened material is returned to the first crusher for further crushing, and the screened material is fed into the second crusher for fine crushing. Similarly, the crushed product is fed into the screening machine for screening, and the screened material is returned to the second crusher for crushing, while the screened material is fed into the storage bin by the material transport vehicle for storage until subsequent operations. The equipment required for this link are: feeder, crusher, screener, conveyor.
Feeder: trough feeder, electromagnetic vibrating feeder, trough feeder.
Crusher: jaw crusher, for one-stage coarse crushing; hammer crusher for two-stage fine crushing.
Vibrating screen: linear vibrating screen, circular vibrating screen.
Conveyor: belt conveyor.
Due to the good grindability of phosphate ore, a one-stage grinding process is often used, and a small part requires a two-stage and one-closed-circuit grinding process. Taking one-stage grinding as an example, the mineral is fed into the feeding device from the storage bin, and then sent to the ball mill for grinding. The product after grinding is fed into the classification equipment for classification, and the overflow returns to the ball mill for re-grinding, and the underflow is ready to enter the selection stage. The equipment required for this link is mainly ball mill, classifier, and the auxiliary equipment is feeder.
Ball mill: The grid type ball mill is used for coarse grinding and is often used in one of the two-stage grinding operations; the overflow type ball mill is mainly used for fine grinding and can be used for grinding in one closed-circuit grinding operation, and can also be used for the second stage of fine grinding in the two-stage grinding operation; the rod mill is often used for one coarse grinding in the two-stage grinding operation.
Classifier: Hydrocyclone (group), often used with grid type ball mill; spiral classifier, often used with overflow type ball mill.
Feeding device: feeding trolley, drum feeder, combined feeder.
Phosphate ore scrubbing is mostly for minerals with high weathering degree and high mud content. After washing, removing mud, screening and grading, high-quality phosphate concentrate can be obtained. This process is simple, does not consume reagents, and does not pollute the environment. The equipment available in this link includes cyclone, scrubber, screening machine, etc.
Cyclone: cyclone or cyclone group.
Scrubber: There are two options: trough scrubber and stirring scrubber.
Screening machine: Linear vibrating screen can not only be used for screening, but also for dehydration and desludging operations.
Depending on the properties of phosphate ore, its beneficiation methods can include flotation, gravity separation, magnetic separation, roasting, acid leaching, etc.
Flotation is a common method for phosphate ore. According to the properties of the mineral, there can be positive flotation, reverse flotation, positive and reverse flotation, reverse flotation and double reverse flotation. Taking reverse flotation as an example, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid is often used as an inhibitor and adjuster, and then under weak acidic conditions, fatty acids are used as anion collectors to enrich phosphate ore and obtain phosphate concentrate. The equipment available in this link includes mechanical stirring flotation machine, aerated stirring flotation machine and auxiliary equipment stirring tank.
Mechanical stirring flotation machine: SF type flotation machine, JJF type flotation machine, BF type flotation machine.
Aerated stirring flotation machine: XCF type flotation machine, KYF type flotation machine and two-machine combined unit.
Stirring tank: There are reagent stirring tank and high-efficiency stirring tank.
Gravity separation mainly uses the density difference between phosphate ore and gangue minerals for separation. It is mostly suitable for the separation of calcareous and calcium-silicon phosphate ores, but the separation efficiency of this method is not obvious. If it is only used as an auxiliary process in the later stage of flotation, better phosphate concentrate can be obtained. The available gravity separation methods include jig method, chute method and shaking table method, and their equipment are jig, spiral chute and shaking table respectively.
Jig machine: suitable for processing coarse-grained phosphate ore, and its processing particle size range is 30(20)~0.5mm.
Spiral chute: suitable for processing fine-grained phosphate ore, and its processing particle size range is 0.1~0.37mm.
Shaking table: suitable for processing finer phosphate ore, the particle size range is 2~0.037mm.
Magnetic separation is usually only used as an auxiliary separation of phosphate ore. During operation, magnetic separation powder and sodium oleate can be added to the surface of the mineral to form a magnetic coating. The magnetic separator uses potassium hydrogen phosphate to inhibit apatite adsorption of magnetic separation powder, and then uses magnetic separation to remove gangue minerals. Then, silicate is inhibited by water glass to obtain phosphate concentrate, and then flotation is further purified. The magnetic separation equipment required for this link is mainly high-gradient magnetic separator or strong magnetic separator.
The roasting method is mostly used for phosphate ore with high carbonate content and low silicon content. By roasting, the carbonate impurities contained in the phosphate ore are decomposed, and then scrubbed and impurities are removed to obtain phosphate concentrate. However, this method has requirements for the content of SiO2 in the mineral, which must be less than 5%. The main equipment required for this link is a roasting furnace.
For some carbonate minerals with extremely fine embedded particle size, acid leaching can be used for separation. There are two types of methods: strong acid method and weak acid method. However, strong acid will dissolve some useful minerals in the process, reducing the concentrate recovery rate; while weak acid will greatly increase acid consumption and increase costs.
In addition to the above methods, there are some new phosphorus beneficiation processes, such as microbial method, thermal greening method, dry electrostatic separation method, magnetic cover method, selective flocculation method, etc. Each beneficiation process requires different phosphate beneficiation equipment. If you want to obtain the ideal phosphate concentrate grade, you need to conduct beneficiation test analysis and design suitable phosphate beneficiation process and complete set of equipment.
JJF type flotation machine
XCF type flotation machine
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